<p>The Quiniluban Group is a group of islands in Palawan Province of the Philippines situated between the islands of Palawan and Panay in the Sulu Sea. The group is the northernmost in the Cuyo Archipelago, consisting of several islands and rocks. The easternmost of which is a circular group of islands surrounded by reef about 6 nmi in diameter. The largest of the circular group is Quiniluban Island. The island group also includes the upscale resort island of Pamican located about 5.6 nmi southwest of the circular group, and Manamoc Island located 3.0 nmi further southwest of Pamilacan.</p><br>
<p>These mostly hilly islands are of limestone formation, have no permanent streams, and very little wood, but are covered with tall grass. Most of its inhabitants live along the coast, and there is some cultivation on the larger islands.</p><br>
<p>The island group is under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Agutaya, Palawan with its town center located 16 to 18 nmi southeast of the Quiniluban Island Group on Agutaya Island, depending on the location.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Quiniluban Island, the largest of the island group, is located northeast of the group, and has a maximum elevation of 293 m 1,010 ft. From northerly directions it appears as a sharp cone. From easterly directions it appears as a ridge with a dome-shaped elevation in the center. It has the reddish-brown color of cogon regions and makes a prominent landmark. Most of the inhabitants of the island live on its western and southern coast.</p><br>
<p>Alcisiras Island, also known as Algeciras Island, is a small inhabited island with 167 m high elevation, lying southwest of Quiniluban.</p><br>
<p>Calumpin Island, is one of the three small islands located between Quiniluban and Alcisiras Islands.</p><br>
<p>Yanuta Island, also known as Nianuta Island, is a small inhabited island between Quiniluban and Alcisiras Islands.</p><br>
<p>Arorunga, also known as Ararungua Island, is a small inhabited island located between Alcisiras and Quiniluban.</p><br>
<p>Mandit Island, is a small inhabited island with an elevation of 32 m, lying 3/4 nmi. Two small rocky island</p><br>
<p>Cambug Rock lie on the northwestern part of the reef.</p><br>
<p>Maligun Island, also known as Maliguin Island, is an inhabited island of about 150 m in elevation. It is the northernmost inhabited island of the group and of the Cuyo Archipelago and located 1 nmi northeastward of Alcisiras and 0.34 nmi north of Quiniluban. Two smaller uninhabited rocky islets as located north and northeast of Maligun Island.</p><br>
<p>Silad Island is a small tadpole-shaped island with an elevation of about 123 m and located about 0.37 nmi west of Maligun Island and 0.78 nmi north of Alcisiras. Most of its inhabitants live in the tail-like southern section of the island.</p><br>
<p>Namaroc Island, also known as Namarac Island, is small inhabited island located 0.31 nmi west of the southern tip of Silad Island or 0.79 nmi north northwest of Alcisiras Island.</p><br>
<p>Tinitiuan Island, 117 m</p><br>
<p>Tatay Island is a small inhabited island, 0.42 nmi southwest of Tinutuan Island.</p><br>
<p>Henalubatan Rock is a small uninhabited rocky islet 0.28 nmi eastward of the easternmost tip of Quiniluban Island.</p><br>
<p>Halog Islands are two small isles located 3 nmi southeast of Quiniluban Island. The channel separating these islands from Quiniluban is free from navigation dangers, though there are several banks in it with depths from 6 to 9 fathom.</p><br>
<p>Pamalican Island, 7 miles southwestward of Quiniluban Island, is low, covered with a scrub growth. The higher of its two hills is 30 m (83 ft old) feet high. The island is surrounded by a coral reef which extends about 1 mile off the northeast side.</p><br>
<p>Manamoc Island lies about 3 miles southwest of Pamalican. It is 216 m 720 ft-old high, roughly circular in form, about 1 ¾ miles in diameter, and surrounded by a wide coral reef partly bare at low water. A break in the reef permits the shallow draft native boats to enter the lagoon in the southwestern part of the island. This lagoon has about 3 feet of water at low tide.</p><br>
<p>The Town Farms Inn is a historic poor farm on Spring Street at River Road in Middletown, Connecticut. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The poor farm provided employment and food for indigent people.  and</p><br>
<p>There are two principal buildings. The older structure dates back to the late 1830s and is a 2 1/2 story, Federal style house built of brick. It measures 36 ft by 34 ft. The exact date of construction is not known, but the date 1839 is carved into a flagstone in the front walk, and the style of construction is consistent with architecture in the late 1830s. The second building was built in 1891. It is also built of brick on brownstone foundations and measures 52 ft by 34 ft. Between the two buildings, there were 14 rooms on the first floor, 29 rooms on the second, and three on the third floor. The back yard contains a long brick outbuilding, which is one story high and has a pitched roof. The total area of the nominated property is 4.3 acre.</p><br>
<p>The inn was originally built as a farmhouse by Thomas Griswold Mather, who married his first cousin Jane Ann Mather in 1834. His wife died in 1853, at which point he sold the farm and the buildings to the town of Middletown. At that time, there were 35 acre in the farm, with an additional 16 acre in a wood lot. The farm operated as a poor farm until 1946. By that time, town farms had been superseded by other social agencies. The town sold the property, and the new owners established a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The Pratt House is a historic house at 19 West Avenue in Essex, Connecticut The main block of the house, dating to 1732, is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a gable roof and a large central chimney. Attached to this block are two older structure, estimated to date to c. 1648 and 1702, both with gambrel roofs. The building&#39;s interiors are well-preserved. Six generations of the Pratt family, who were among the first English settlers of the area, resided in this house from 1701 to 1915, when it converted into a tenement house in 1915. and It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, the year it was acquired by Essex Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The society offers thirty-minute tours from 1-4 every Friday, Saturday, and Sunday during the summer.</p><br>
<p>The Valley Pike Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge located in Mason County, Kentucky, United States. It crosses the Frasure Branch of Lee Creek. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The bridge construction is single kingpost, resting on stone abutments. The span is short - 30 to 35 feet - consistent with the single kingpost system. The structure has tin siding and roofing. It is the only privately owned covered bridge in Kentucky and still provides access to farmland.</p><br>
<p>A number of reasons have been offered to explain the construction of covered bridges in Kentucky during the 19th century. Roads across the bridges were kept dry and free of snow in winter. The protection the cover provided against wood deterioration was likely most important. The cover allowed timbered trusses and braces to season properly and kept water out of the joints, prolonging the life by seven to eight times that of an uncovered bridge.</p><br>
<p>Hernar is an island in Øygarden municipality in Hordaland county, Norway. It is one of the northernmost islands in the Øygarden archipelago. The 0.5 km&sup2; island is rocky and barren. Most of the settlement is in one cluster on the southwestern part of the island along the small harbor area. The eastern third of the island is uninhabited.</p><br>
<p>It sits in a cluster of mostly uninhabited islands, about 3.5 km north of the island of Seløyna, the northernmost large, populated island in Øygarden which is connected to the mainland by a series of bridges. Hernar has about 15 permanent inhabitants and many holiday cabins. It is connected to the mainland via a passenger ferry service to the small island of Hellesøyna, just off the coast of Seløyna. The ferry service is operated by Bergen Nordhordland Rutelag.</p><br>
<p>Bømlo  is an island in Hordaland county, Norway. At 171 km&sup2, it is the largest island in the island municipality Bømlo lying just off the western coast of Norway. The island sits at the northern entrance to the vast Hardangerfjorden, west of the Stokksundet strait, south of the Selbjørnsfjorden, and east of the North Sea. In the 1800s, the Kulleseid Canal was built across a small isthmus in the central part of the island, giving a shortcut from the eastern side of the island to the western side of the island.</p><br>
<p>The large island of Stord lies just to the east and the smaller island of Moster lies to the southwest. There are hundreds of other small islands surrounding Bømlo. The island does have a permanent ferry-free road connection to the mainland via the Triangle Link: the Spissøy Bridge, the Bømla Bridge, and then the Bømlafjord Tunnel. The main settlements on the island include the villages of Svortland, Rubbestadneset, Foldrøyhamn, Langevåg and Melandsvågen.</p><br>
<p>Anyuyskiy  is a volcano in far eastern Russia, north of the Kamchatka Peninsula. It is formed by two systems, one is formed by long fissure vents which gave rise to lava flows which disrupted the valley of the Monni River. Later, a volcanic cone formed, experiencing explosive activity and eventually extruding a long lava flow.</p><br>
<p>The total volume of the lava erupted by the volcano exceeded one cubic kilometre. The volcano was considered to have been active during the 14th and 18th centuries, but radiometric dating has shown ages of almost 250,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is also known as Molodykh, Monni and Ustieva.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Anyuyskiy is located within the valley of the Monni River, which is located within the southern Anyuy Mountains. Recent volcanic activity appears to be linked to tectonic activity in the area. A change in volcanic activity from linear vents to central vents has been noted.</p><br>
<p>Volcanic activity at Anyuyskiy commenced at 15 - long fissure vents, forming lava flows. These three lava flows have a total volume of 3 km3 and cover a surface area of 100 km&sup2;. In these 30 m thick lava flows lava lakes, lava tubes, and 10 - high swells have been found. This volcanic activity filled the valley of the Monni River and disrupted the course of its tributaries, resulting in the formation of a number of lakes. Characteristically, the lava flows slope from north to south, due to the fissure vents being located on the northern side of the valley. Some of these fissure vents are exposed, forming ridges of lava. The lava flows probably interacted with permafrost soils.</p><br>
<p>The volcanic cone Aniusk is between 90 - high and has a base diameter of 490 m. The volume of the cone is about 0.011 km3. It formed over a granitoid intrusion, in the headwaters of one of the rivers that feed the Monni, on the slopes of the 1,585 m mountain Vulcannaya. The cone is situated within a cone whose slopes were partially covered by eruption products. The cone is capped with a 300 m wide and 75 m crater. Aniusk has been the source of explosive activity and a 16 km lava flow with a volume of 0.48 km3. This lava flow has an ʻaʻā morphology, but other components exist as well. The activity of this cone commenced with explosive activity and ended with the extrusion of the lava flow, which buried part of the fissure fed lava flow. Notably, lava fountains have been computed to have reached heights of 300 -. Tephra from the eruption fell to distances of tens of kilometres from the volcano. Another crater is located 2 m farther southwest. The existence of small pyroclastic cones has also been reported.</p><br>
<p>The lava flows erupted by the fissure vents are formed by trachybasalt. The rocks become more basic the younger they are. The chemistry of these rocks is typical for volcanic rocks of East Asia. The vent ridges of the fissure-fed lava flows have red-brown colours, while the associated lava flows are black and mostly lack gas bubbles.</p><br>
<p>The lava flow features are well conserved and there is little turf on the lava flows.</p><br>
<p>The William Allison House  near College Grove, Tennessee is an antebellum, brick central passage plan house with Federal style detailing built during 1827-1832. It is a two-story house with a two-story rear ell and exterior brick chimneys. It has a one-story shed-roof addition from c. 1860 and a c. 1940 porch.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by William Allison, whose father James Allison had acquired a large estate of several hundred acres. James had married into the family of William Ogilvie, who was an original settler in the creek area in 1800. William Allison died in 1834. The home was later owned by one of his sons, Thomas P.P. Allison who fought in the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry during the American Civil War and was promoted to major. Thomas P.P. Allison became a prosperous farmer and also served in the Tennessee legislature (during 1871-73) and was Commissioner of Agriculture for the state during 1893-1897. He promoted the use of fertilizers. After he died in 1913 the property was sold by his wife.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The property was listed on the National Register in 1988 study of Williamson County historical resources, which described the house as "imposing" and as one of the most finely crafted residences in the College Grove area.</p><br>
<p>A c. 1830 log structure survived nearby, but off the property, in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of College Grove in College Grove, Tennessee, opened in a frame building in 1911, and the building was significantly remodelled in 1927, with the exterior gaining a brick veneer and Doric pilasters. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The bank had assets of $27,000 at the end of its first year, and was a successful venture for the next two decades. Unlike several other Williamson County banks in rural areas, such as Bank of Nolensville, Thompson Station Bank, and a bank at Leiper&#39;s Fork, the College Grove bank then survived the Great Depression, and continued in operation at this location until 1965, when it moved to a building next door.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register as part of a 1988 study of Williamson County historical resources.</p><br>
<p>Beacon Hill in Sedgley, England, is one of the highest points in the West Midlands, at 237 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>From the summit, Wolverhampton, Walsall and Birmingham are all visible, as is the Staffordshire, Shropshire and Welsh countryside to the west. The hill is so named as historically it was one in a series of prominent locations with beacons on top, where a fire would be lit as a signal during times of war or turmoil. The Sedgley beacon lies between beacons at Barr Beacon and Cannock Chase. At the highest point, a Grade II listed tower erected in 1846 by Lord Wrottesley for astronomy, stands on the site of an earlier tower, which sits on the spot of the original beacon.</p><br>
<p>Beacon Hill is the highest point of land between Sedgley and the Ural Mountains in Russia. When the tower was climbable (today a fence restricts access as the steps inside were removed by the council to prevent access), the Bristol Channel was visible on a clear day.</p><br>
<p>Approximately half of Beacon Hill was situated in the urban district of Coseley, which was created in 1897 from the eastern half of the old Sedgley manor. This section included the Beacon Tower.</p><br>
<p>However, the local government reorganisation of 1966 (which saw the bulk of Sedgley and approximately half of Coseley incorporated into Dudley) resulted in the creation of post code districts, with all of Beacon Hill being included in the new Sedgley DY3 post code district.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Beacon housing estate sits near the tower monument on Beacon Hill. It was initially developed by Sedgley UDC in the 1920s, with a further section being added in the 1930s and the final section being developed after the end of World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Beacon Hill Tenants & Residents Association look after and clean up the hill, and have been responsible for the erection of gates and fences in an effort to prevent vandalism and fly tipping in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>The Tischofer Cave  is a cave in the Kaisertal valley in the Kaisergebirge mountains in Austria. It was a locally important gathering place and weapons cache during the Tyrolean Rebellion in the Napoleonic Wars.</p><br>
<p>The roughly 40 m long cave, which is about 8.5 m high at the entrance, was occupied by cave bears and other predators as shelter during the Paleolithic as evidenced by numerous excavated skeletal remains. Bone tools of paleo-human inhabitants made of cave bear bones and skulls discovered here and dated to about 27,000 - 28,000 years ago may be viewed in the local history museum in the fortress at Kufstein. That dating makes the Tischofer Cave the oldest known uncontested site of human occupation in Tyrol.</p><br>
<p>Discoveries of more recent human skeletons and associated tools also indicate that the cave served as a copper smithy and foundry during the Bronze Age.</p><br>
<p>The Tischofer Cave may be reached on foot via the Kaiser Path (Kaiseraufstieg) in the Kaisertal valley, a pathway secured with cable railings. It is recorded in the Tyrolean Cave Register as number 1312/001.</p><br>
<p>The Tuxeck  is a high mountain in the Kaisergebirge range in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It lies south of the Treffauer and is also called the Ellmauer Hochkaiser.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>A signed trail to the top runs from the Jägerwirt inn near Scheffau from the southwest. Only the last 10 m to the summit are UIAA climbing grade III (alleviated by a few iron rings, but steep and exposed), the rest is no more difficult than grade I, but there is a danger of falling rocks.</p><br>
<p>Another climb to the summit runs approaches from the east, from the Grutten Hut along the Schutterfeldköpfe. This formerly signed ascent is no longer maintained, however, and is crumbly and prone to rock falls (as at 2005).</p><br>
<p>There is also a signed crossing between the Tuxeck and the Treffauer. This is the route chosen by J. Enzensperger and H. Hahn on 14 August 1897 when they became the first climbers to conquer the Tuxeck.</p><br>
<p>It is hard to find more difficult climbing routes here. The southern arête (grade IV) is hardly ever used and is only of historic interest; other climbs like those from the southwest (II) or the south face (II) are unimportant.</p><br>
<p>The Todd House is a historic house museum that was the home to abolitionist and Congregationalist minister, John Todd. The house is located on Park Street in Tabor, Iowa.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1853 around the time when Todd moved to Tabor as a co-founder of Tabor College and the town of Tabor. John Brown visited the home around the time of his raids, and the house served as a stop on the Underground Railroad prior to the Civil War. John Todd served as a model for the grandfather of the main character in the 2004 Pulitzer Prize winning book, Gilead. The house is a two-story frame clapboard structure. Todd&#39;s House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is currently maintained as a museum by the Tabor Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Hunter School is a historic building near Tabor, Iowa, United States. The one-room schoolhouse was built in 1901. The school was named for John H. Hunter, a farmer and landowner on whose property the original school was built in 1901. Its use as a schoolhouse came to an end in 1920 when it was consolidated into the Tabor School District. The building was used as a township meeting and a polling place until 1990. Since then it has been maintained as a historical landmark. The former schoolhouse is a frame structure built on a brick foundation, and consists of a 24 by main block and an 8 ft square bell tower-entrance. While the schoolhouse overall follows a basic plan for a one-room schoolhouse, it departs from that plan with the asymmetrically placed corner tower. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Jedidiah Dudley House,  is a historic house on Springbrook Road in Old Saybrook, Connecticut.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is one of several Dudley and Whittlesey family houses clustered at a ferry landing in Old Saybrook, where lived operators of the ferry. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a steeply-pitched gable roof, and rests on a rubble fieldstone foundation. It was built c. 1750 by Jedidiah Dudley, but was lost and the family&#39;s financial condition ruined by disputes over the collection of customs revenues by Dudley. The house is a good local example of a vernacular Georgian house. and</p><br>
<p>The house is located about 200 feet north of Exit 68 of Interstate 95, and is identified as one architectural resource that might possibly be affected by an I-95 modification.</p><br>
<p>The John Whittlesey Jr. House is a historic house at 40 Ferry Road in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a large central chimney. The main block of the house was built c. 1750, but it is attached to a 2-1/2 ell, which was built much earlier, probably c. 1693. The interior of the house is well preserved despite extensive remodelling in the 20th century. The house was considered by the eccentric Hartford resident William B. Goodwin to become a part of a reconstruction of Fort Saybrook in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The house is similar to the Buckingham-Hall House, formerly nearby, but now located at Mystic Seaport, 25 to 30 miles away, in that both re-used older structures; it is believed that there was a "a strong local tradition or sentiment" in favor of such re-use.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Jonathan Warner House, also known as Warner-Brooks House, and is a historic house at 47 King&#39;s Highway in Chester, Connecticut. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof and two interior chimneys. The central bay of the front is framed by two-story Ionic pillars supporting a small flat projecting roof. The main entrance is flanked by pilasters supporting an entablature, and sidelight windows outside the pilasters. It has a Palladian window above the entry with pilasters separating and flanking the window sections. An 18th-century carriage barn, which was moved to the site, serves as the garage. The house was designed by Jonathan Warner, a farmer, who copiously documented the house. The house was illustrated by J. Frederick Kelly in his prominent book The Early Domestic Architecture of Connecticut .</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Phillips&#39; Folly is a -story painted brick house in Maysville, Kentucky. The architecture displays a blend of styles which may be explained, in part, by the six-year construction period. The Sutton Street entrances are Federal, windows are typically Greek Revival in their size, and the two-tiered portico and the segmental dormers reflect a Georgian influence. The portico and Doric frieze are similar to Drayton Hall  near Charleston, South Carolina. The stepped parapets on the end walls are peculiar to the Ohio River valley and are "associated with the "Dutch" character of Cincinnati and the surrounding area". The mortarless stone basement is in good repair.</p><br>
<p>William B. Phillips was Maysvilles second mayor and was among those who welcomed General Lafayette during his 1825 Maysville visit. Phillips is listed as being Mason Countys state legislator in 1820. Phillips&#39;s Third Street residence earned the term "folly" because he started it in 1825, but ran out of funds, causing construction to halt. "Leaving the house unfinished, the owner disappeared for two years, during which time he won enough money (in New Orleans) at gambling to complete the structure".</p><br>
<p>Phillips sold his "folly" to wholesaler John Armstrong, and Phillips is not included in the 1850 census of Maysville. In the late 19th-century, the</p><br>
<p>house was the residence of Dr. John A. Reed and his family. Dr. Reed maintained a medical practice in the basement and was the father of Associate Supreme</p><br>
<p>Court Justice, Stanley Forman Reed.</p><br>
<p>On March 2011, Ghost Adventures from the Travel Channel filmed at Phillips Folly. The episode aired on Friday May 13, 2011. It featured current owner and Underground Railroad historian, Jerry Gore. Phillips Folly is said to be haunted by William B. Phillips and his dog, by a guest of the house who committed suicide while staying there and the ghosts of slaves who were tortured and murdered in a makeshift jail in the basement of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Unterberghorn in the Austrian district of Kitzbühel in Tyrol is the highest peak between the mountain ranges of the Wilder Kaiser and Loferer Steinberge.</p><br>
<p>The horn or pyramidal peak has two summits - its subpeak is the Hefferthorn - and is the local mountain (Hausberg) for the villages of Kössen (near the Bavarian border) and St. Johann in Tirol, between which it rises, west of the valley of the River Großache. It is all the more prominent because each of the two holiday villages lies in a deep basin. On the eastern side of the Ache valley the Fellhorn, at 1,765 metres, is almost as high.</p><br>
<p>The rock faces of this mountain massif, which belongs to the Northern Limestone Alps, run predominantly in a north-south direction, something which indicates the consistent pressure arising from Alpine mountain building. Deep troughs also run in both directions, whilst a large area of alpine pasture, the Zellerinalm lies on its eastern flank.</p><br>
<p>Another large alm forms the relatively gently sloping northern ridge, known as the Unterberg. A cable car runs between this ridge and the Unterbergalm, whilst the alm hut is served by a good road and ski lifts cover the entire north slope.</p><br>
<p>The popular holiday and ski resort is increasingly used by hikers as well as paragliders and hang gliders. The rivers draining to the north are heavily affected by changing weather conditions that can lead to flooding in the area of Kössen.</p><br>
<p>Loch Brown, also known in Scots as Loch Broun, Broon or Broom, was situated in a kettle hole in the mid-Ayrshire clayland near Crosshands. It is nowadays  visible as a surface depression in pastureland, partially flooded, situated in a low-lying area close to farms and dwellings of Skeoch, Dalsangan, Ladebrae, Lochhill, and Crosshands, mainly in the Parish of Mauchline and partly in Craigie, East Ayrshire, Scotland. Duveloch is an old name for the loch and this may derive from the Gaelic Dubh, meaning black or dark loch.</p><br>
<p>The loch was natural, sitting in a hollow created by glaciation. The loch waters drained via the Garroch Burn that flows into the Cessnock Water and thence into the River Irvine. The road from Tarbolton to Galston via the old Largie Toll (B744) passes close to the loch site, and close by stands the hamlet of Crosshands on the Carlisle Road (A76).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Robert Gordons (1580-1661) map shows the loch and two inflows and Jan Jansens 1659 map shows the loch clearly. Roy&#39;s map of 1747-55 clearly marks the loch and the nearby mill, the Garroch Burn running into the Cessnock Water close to Carnell Castle.</p><br>
<p>Loch Brown was referred to in the first statistical account (1791 - 1799) of Mauchline Parish by Rev Auld (Burns&#39; Daddy Auld) as follows:</p><br>
<p>"The only loch in the parish, called Loch Brown is about three miles North West from Mauchline. Wild ducks, geese. and sometimes swans resort to it. It covers about 60 acres of ground and would have been drained many years ago, had it not been for the sake of two corn mills which it supplies with water" In 1845 the Rev Tod refers to the loch as being of 60 acres and only surviving as a source of water for two corn mills.</p><br>
<p>When the mainline railway was extended beyond Kilmarnock in the direction of Dumfries the Railway Company route of choice lay across the loch, and then continued through the Mossgiel or Skeoch Tunnel to Mauchline. The loch lay seven miles from Kilmarnock in a basin lying north of Mossgiel Farm. The neighbouring proprietors at the time were the Duchess of Portland, Mr Claud Alexander of Ballochmyle, and Mr George Douglas. The first train which passed over the drained loch was in 1848, and the schoolmaster at Crosshands took his pupils down to Laidside to see it pass.</p><br>
<p>The loch was some roughly circular, 50-60 acres in extent, but swampy land stretched right up the valley into the farm of Skeoch, and into the lands of Mossgiel. The burns which meandered through this bog land came directly from Mossgiel and Skeoch. This marshy land was dominated by reeds, rushes, willows and alder scrub; it was home to water fowl, frequented by poachers, and guarded by estate game keepers. The loch and its swamp was a favourite spot for Kilmarnock sportsmen, and it used to be local tradition that Tam Samson, a friend of Robert Burns, made it a rendezvous.</p><br>
<h3>The draining of Loch Brown</h3><br>
<p>The outflow was into the Garroch Burn, which flowed as a deep and canalised lade towards the old hamlet or clachan of Ladeside, powering the wheel of the mills at Dalsangan. When the railway company drained the loch, by a deep cutting, they compensated the miller at Dalsangan meal mill to the sum of £400 and the mill became an extensive farm. The loch itself did not completely disappear as the bottom was very uneven, leaving deep puddles full of fish; people used to tell of the “catches” and the fish diet that was in every house at the time. The railway filled the holes up; the ground was thus levelled to a certain extent, and it eventually became a rich meadow land bearing grass and other crops.</p><br>
<p>The farmers found the old loch&#39;s land to be very rich, and proprietors rented it at then high price of £2 per acre. The land in the 1930s were still formed of a black, loamy nature. The shores of the loch are still indicated when the ground is ploughed by the presence of sand on one side and gravely stones on the other. If a deep hole is dug, the ground is found to be dark humus to a great depth. Nuts, leaves, twigs, and the like were still turned up in the 1930s as they were 100 or 200 years ago, but exposure made them rot quickly into black mould. The marsh and its reeds and wildfowl inevitably disappeared, and rich meadow land took the place of the once extensive wetlands.</p><br>
<h3>Curling</h3><br>
<p>Loch Brown was a favourite place for curling matches in winter, and the “roaring” game was played here until the early 1900s. It is on record that on one occasion a wagonette of curlers from Kilmarnock drove onto the ice. The horses had to be removed and taken to the smithy to be “sharped” to give them a grip on the ice, but in the meantime, the wheels of the wagonette sunk into the ice deeply and picks and crowbars had to be used the vehicle out.</p><br>
<h3>Ladeside</h3><br>
<p>This hamlet stood close to Dalsangan Mill and practically vanished because the railway was built through its centre and several dwellings were demolished. The mill was worked by Hugh Morton in 1841 and was out of use by 1860, prompted by the Garroch Burn never having much of a head of water or force of flow.</p><br>
<p>An old name for Ladeside was Machine Cross. This name may be derived from the presence of a smithy that once existed here and the various machines which were associated with this, however a corruption of Mauchline is more likely. The hamlet was home to around a dozen families, including the Lambies, Stirlings, Kennedys, Wallaces, Robbs, Manns, and Smiths A flax mill was also present here at one time. The smithy was moved to Crosshands and the building still survives. A school existed at Crosshands.</p><br>
<h4>Coal mining</h4><br>
<p>Ladeside may have been a place of great age for workmen laying a waterpipe along the present roadway discovered an old pit shaft with stone built walls, in very good condition. The depth when the pit was opened up was around seventy feet, and the old pit bing made a noticeable slope in the roadway. The monks of Fail Monastery were reputed to have mined coal more or less on the outskirts of their lands and this could have been one of their ancient workings. The clachan appears on early maps of the area.</p><br>
<h3>The roads</h3><br>
<p>A lane at one time came from Carnell Castle (previously Cairnhill), circled round and through Ladeside clachan, and then proceeded directly to the main road from Kilmarnock to Mauchline; the A76 Carlisle Road. The road now passes by the present Laidside, a smallholding and the only house left of the old hamlet, alongside the cutting in which the burn now runs, to join the Galston Road that passes through Crosshands. Before the war, a large plantation of tall trees hid Crosshands from view; this has now been largely felled.</p><br>
<h3>The Robert Burns connection</h3><br>
<p>Tam Samson used to shoot over the marsh land around Loch Brown and in those days this stretched almost up to Mossgiel Farm, Burns&#39;s home at the time. Burns would have to pass near the loch when he went to market at Kilmarnock, but is not known to have referred directly to it. Thomas Samson was a Kilmarnock friend of Burns, he was a seedsman of good credit, a zealous sportsman, and a good fellow.</p><br>
<p>The Lenox Round Barn is a historic building that is part of the Taylor County Historical Museum in Bedford, Iowa, United States. The true round barn was built somewhere between 1905 and 1907. The building measures 64 ft in diameter and 55 ft in height. It features white vertical siding, a large cupola, and a two-pitch roof. The barn was thought to have been designed and built by J.E. Cameron on his farm 5 mi south of Bedford. It remained on the family&#39;s farm until 1996 when they donated it to the Taylor County Historical Society. The barn was moved to their museum grounds in May 1998. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1999. Its primary significance is its architectural value. Of primary interest are the steep-pitched free-standing roof, the tornado-resistant support beams, and the pieshaped circular grain bins.</p><br>
<p>The Loudoun House, located in Lexington, Kentucky, is considered one of the largest and finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture in the state.</p><br>
<p>Designed by New York architect Alexander Jackson Davis, the house was built in 1851 for Francis Key Hunt (1817–1879), who was named after his mother&#39;s cousin, Francis Scott Key.</p><br>
<p>The home was built on 50 acres of land given to Hunt and his wife, Julia Warfield, by her parents upon their marriage. Following the death of his father during a cholera epidemic, Hunt inherited more than a million dollars and set to building the Loudoun House. Inspired by the W. C. H. Waddell mansion on Murray Hill in New York City, Hunt wrote to A. J. Davis, who designed a castellated Gothic Revival villa for Hunt after a brief correspondence. Hunt hired Lexington builder John McMurtry to construct the home. The project was expected to cost $10,000, but wound up costing three times that amount and taking four years to complete. He named the home "Loudoun" in honor of the song "The Bells of Loudon", his wife&#39;s favorite.</p><br>
<p>Loudoun House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is one of the five surviving castellated Gothic Revival villas designed by Davis in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The house currently houses the Lexington Art League.</p><br>
<p>The Seligman Commercial Historic District is a historic district in central Seligman, Yavapai County, northwestern Arizona.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is along historic Route 66 in town, which was designated a historic highway by the state of Arizona in 1978. The Seligman Commercial Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The region was in the longtime homeland of the Havasupai people, who had a settlement in the present day Seligman area.</p><br>
<p>Originally Seligman was called “Prescott Junction” because it was the railroad stop on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad mainline junction with the Prescott and Arizona Central Railway Company feeder line running to Prescott, in the Arizona Territory. The Santa Fe had reached it in 1882. In 1886 it was renamed Seligman, after Jesse Seligman, one of the founders of J.W. Seligman Co. of New York, who helped finance the railroad lines in the area. The original feeder line to Prescott was replaced in 1891 by the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway with the Santa Fe mainline junction at Ash Fork instead.</p><br>
<p>Because of its flat land Seligman became a large switching yard consisting of many tracks, and served as a large livestock shipping center for the areas ranchers. It was also a terminal point for changing train crews between Winslow and Needles, California, who used overnight cottages in the town.</p><br>
<h3>Havasu Harvey House</h3><br>
<p>The Havasu House was a Fred Harvey Company Harvey House hotel and restaurant in Seligman, serving the Santa Fe Railway and local residents. It was named “Havasu” after the native Havasupai tribe of the area. Adjacent to it was the Santa Fe Depot and Reading Room. The Havasu Harvey House opened in 1905, closed in 1954, and was demolished in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Passenger trains ceased stopping in Seligman in 1984. The Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSR) has owned the tracks through town since 1996, which carries numerous freight trains and nonstop Amtrak trains. The former Santa Fe Reading room, is now located at the Seligman High School.</p><br>
<h3>Route 66—Seligman Historic District</h3><br>
<p>The Seligman was on the original USA Route 66 from 1926 through 1978, when Interstate 40 bypassed it a couple miles south. Seligman experienced its real heyday after World War II, when returning veterans and other motorists hit the road and made the Southwest a popular tourist destination. The Seligman Commercial Historic District protects the historical central area&#39;s early 20th century commercial buildings along Historic Route 66, a revived popular tourist destination. Historic district contributing properties include the include Pitts General Merchandise Store and the USA Post Office from 1903, the Pioneer Hall and Theatre and the Seligman Garage from 1905, and the Seligman Pool Hall from 1923.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 Seligman gained its name “Birthplace of Historic Route 66” due to the efforts of Seligman residents, who convinced the State of Arizona to dedicate Route 66 a historic highway. Seligman is the first stop heading west on the longest uninterrupted stretch of historic Route 66, running for around 160 mi to Topock on the east side of the Colorado River.</p><br>
<p>The first Newport News Public Library, renamed West Avenue Library, now NNPLS Technical Services, in the Newport News Public Library System, was opened on October 14, 1929 at the corner of West Avenue and 30th Street in the City of Newport News, Virginia. This building was the first to be built in Newport News for the express purpose of being a library. In 2005, the West Avenue Library was placed onto the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places under its original name of Newport News Public Library. The building now known as West Avenue Library; however it is no longer a functioning library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In January 1891 the Subscription Library Association, started by a group of young business professionals, created the first Newport News Library System. The books were housed at the offices of W. I. Fitzsimmons, at the corner of Washington Avenue and 27th Street. The subscription-fee-based library gained more solid financial ground in 1914 when the Library Association Board decided to charge a fee of fifty cents per year for all library users. Also in 1914 the Newport News Shipyard agreed to donate $20 per month to support the cause of literacy. In 1917 the City began to support the library with $10 per month. This was the beginning of a private-public partnership that remained until 1968.</p><br>
<p>On July 6, 1927 the Commonwealth of Virginia issued the charter of incorporation to a new library group calling for 21 board members who called themselves the Newport News Public Library, Inc., and within six months they had taken over all the assets of the old Newport News Library Association. A new library building to replace the inadequate structure on 26th Street where the library was temporarily housed was a primary goal. A building committee was formed and within two years the groundbreaking ceremony was held on February 12, 1929. The cornerstone for the new library was then laid on April 11, 1929 with a ceremony featuring Homer L. Ferguson, President of the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, as the keynote speaker. Between the formation of the building committee and the groundbreaking ceremony the people of Newport News showed their approval by a 2,285 to 827 vote of approval for the issuance of $45,000 in bonds for the City Council to pay for it. The Library Board contributed $6,200 and a book collection valued at $30,000.00. The Old Dominion Land Company, the business which planned and built the infrastructure for the City of Newport News, donated land valued at $12,000. Newport News Public Library was officially opened on October 14, 1929. It was the first building in Newport News built for the purpose of being a library.</p><br>
<p>Over the years the Newport News Public Library Building has been maintained and upgraded. In 1946 the basement of the library was converted into a Children&#39;s Library. In 1954 the roof over the north reading room was replaced. On May 2, 1957 a new mural was added to the wall facing the entryway into the library building. The Mural depicted the landing of Captain Christopher Newport at Jamestown. The mural was painted by the artist Allen D. Jones, Jr. in commemoration of the Three Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the founding of Jamestown. Also in 1957 a new heating and air conditioning system and lights were installed and the rear stack area was remodeled. In 1968 there was a major change in the administration of the Newport News Public Library. In this year administration of the library was transferred from Newport News Public Library, Inc. to the City of Newport News. In 1986 and 1987 the building was rehabilitated.</p><br>
<h2>Architect</h2><br>
<p>The architect of the Newport News Public Library building, Charles M. Robinson was a very prominent Richmond, Virginia architect. Mr. Robinson was a well known designer of educational buildings. Charles M. Robinson was the supervising architect of the Richmond Board of Public Instruction from 1910-1929. He designed the campuses of James Madison and Radford Universities in 1908 and 1913 respectively. Charles M. Robinson created the master plan in 1925 for and designed many of the buildings for the College of William and Mary. Charles M. Robinson was the architect for at least ten buildings, which are currently listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Desegregation of the library</h2><br>
<p>On May 9, 1949, W. Hale Thompson, a local African-American attorney, went before the Newport News City Council and proposed that the Newport News Public Library be opened to persons of all races. This request was rejected by the board of Newport News Public Library, Inc. but they opened an African American Library in a room in the Doris Miller Center, which was known as the Negro Recreation Building.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Thompson filed suit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia against both the City and the Library Board. The case dragged on through the remainder of 1950 and 1951 with numerous postponements, until Judge Sterling Hutcheson scheduled the case to be argued before a jury on July 10, 1952. On July 8, 1952, two days before the trial was to begin, the board of directors of Newport News Public Library, Inc. issued a statement: “The Board of Directors of the Newport News Public Library, Inc. has now has announced that the facilities of its main reading rooms in the library at 30th Street and West Avenue are now available to all adult inhabitants of the City of Newport News.” The Newport News Public Library was now open to African Americans and Judge Hutcheson dismissed the court case on July 18, 1952.</p><br>
<h2>Special Collections</h2><br>
<p>The Martha Woodroof Hiden Memorial Collection was first dedicated on May 27, 1976 and was housed in the West Avenue Library of the Newport News Public Library System. The collection was named after longtime Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Newport News Public Library Inc. Mrs. Hiden served as Chair of the Board of Trustees from 1927 to 1952. She was well known in genealogy circles and was herself instrumental in the preservation of Virginia County Records.</p><br>
<p>The Martha Woodroof Hiden Memorial Collection contains the local and family history materials for the City of Newport News, Virginia. The collection resides in the Virginiana Room in the Main Street Library of the Newport News Public Library System. The primary purpose of the Martha Woodroof Hiden Memorial Collection is to serve as the main clearinghouse for family and local history of the City of Newport News, Virginia, including the extinct County and City of Warwick. Additionally, it is the purpose of the collection to preserve and provide access to materials of local historic significance to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Martha Woodroof Hiden Memorial Collection contains a wealth of information on the history of the City of Newport News, Warwick County and of the Commonwealth of Virginia in general. A portion of the main holdings include Newport News City Directories from 1898 to the present, high school annuals, photographs, maps, the local newspaper The Daily Press on microfilm from 1896 to the present, a collection of over five thousand books and journals as well as many other notable materials.</p><br>
<p>The prized collection of the Martha Woodroof Hiden Collection is the papers and maps from the Old Dominion Land Company. The Company was created by railroad magnate Collis Potter Huntington and his associates in 1880. The purpose of the company was to purchase, hold and develop land needed for the extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway line from Richmond, Virginia to the port of Newport News. While fulfilling its mission, the Old Dominion Land Company planned and developed the original City of Newport News including street layout, utilities, reservoir system and sewer system. Also, the company played a major role in the development of the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 When the Newport News Public Library System opened the Main Street Library the Martha Woodroof Hiden Collection was moved into a new climate controlled room in a new library building more centrally located. On April 14, 1996 the collection was re-dedicated at the Main Street Library where it currently resides.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the building was placed on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Technology</h2><br>
<p>In 2013, the Newport News Public Library System installed 15 self-service kiosks to allow library patrons to search the librarys Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC). The computer kiosks were installed at Pearl Bailey Library, Main Street Library, Virgil I. Grissom Library, and South Morrison Family Education Center. The kiosk hardware was integrated within the Newport News system with aid from Library Information Technology Analysts James Messimer and Dave Summers as overseen by Alexandria Payne, the Librarys Digital Services Manager.</p><br>
<p>The Ault Store is a historic commercial building in Dundas, Minnesota, United States. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on April 6, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Ault Store is located in what was Dundas&#39; original business district, on Second Street on the east side of the Cannon River. The neighborhood is now residential. A two story stone structure, it was constructed in 1866 of locally quarried limestone. The building is rectangular, with a low gable roof, with the gable end oriented towards the street. The front facade, facing east, has three large rectilinear opening on its first floor; the three sections are divided by heavy vertical stone members. A double transomed door occupies the center bay and is flanked by large nine-paned storefront windows. On the second story, large cut stones at the crners of the building give the suggestion of corner quoins. The fenestration of the upper level of the front facade consists of two double hung sash windows with six over six lights and heavy stone lintels. The windows on the north and south facades consist of windows on the second floor and doorways in the rear bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Edgar Ault, who had worked as a local merchant since 1859, built the store in 1866. Aults store occupied the first floor and carried a full line of furniture, pharmaceuticals and necessities. The front room of the second floor housed the communitys first library and the back room was used for office space. The local newspaper, the Dundas News, operated out of the rear office from its founding in 1876 to its sale and incorporation into the nearby Northfield News in 1879. At the height of Dundas&#39; original commercial district, the area also included another general store, hotel, shoe store, restaurant, meeting hall and saloon. The neighborhood began to shift once the Minnesota Central Railway built its station on the west side of the river, resulting in the development of Railway Street and the platting of the Railway Addition in 1865. The commercial focus of the city shifted to near the railroad. Ault joined the move across the river in 1882, moving his store to larger quarters on Railway Street.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent owners of the building added arched tops to the storefront windows, however later restorations removed them. The building was vacant for a number of years, before being purchased and restored for residential use in the 1970s and 80s. The Ault Store is now a multifunctional building, serving as an artist studio and residence.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Ault Store was listed on the National Register for its local significance in commerce and settlement. It is the last remaining commercial building of what was Dundas&#39; original business district, and is a significant example of the first generation of commercial buildings constructed in Rice County during the 1850s and 60s. The scale and simplicity of the design and use of locally available materials mark the building as characteristic of the generation of commercial buildings constructed by residents.</p><br>
<p>Kundadri is a hill  with dense forests in the Western Ghats located in Shimoga District Karnataka State, India.It is 70 km from Udupi city. This hill is known for 17th century Jain temple dedicated to Thirthankara and the place is known to have given shelter to one Acharya Kundakunda during earlier centuries.The main deity of this temple is Parshwanatha, 23rd tirthankar. Two small ponds formed by the rock on one side of this temple provided water to earlier sages. Government of Karnataka joined hands with a philanthropist from Mumbai to construct an all-weather road to the top of the hill.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>More than two thousand years ago, a jain sage named Kundakunda Acharya stayed here and prompted the birth of this jain holy place. A temple is constructed with stone statues of jain sages. As the place is secluded, there has been efforts to damage stone statues to find hidden treasure.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Kundadri is at a distance of about 80 km. from the district headquarters, Shimoga and about 20 km from Thirthahalli town. From Shimoga, one has to take the National Highway NH-13 (Thirthahalli road) to reach Thirthahalli. Then take State Highway SH-1 (Agumbe Road) up to Guddekeri and then take left deviation. The total distance from Bangalore to Thirthahalli is 332 km. From Mangalore, one can take NH-13 to reach Thirthahalli. The distance from Mangalore to Thirthahalli is around 146 km. There are numerous mini-buses from Udupi to Thirthahalli. From Udupi railway station 86 km to Thirthahalli.The nearest railway station is in Shimoga. The nearest airport is Mangalore International Airport.</p><br>
<p>File:Sculpture_in_Kundadri_Jain_Temple4.JPGSculpture</p><br>
<p>File:Kundadri_Jain_Temple_Inside_View.JPGInside View</p><br>
<p>File:Sculpture_in_Kundadri_Jain_Temple3.JPGSculpture</p><br>
<p>File:Kundadri_Jain_Temple_Wide_View_with_Lake.JPGWide View</p><br>
<p>File:Kundadri_Jain_Temple_Flowers.JPGTemple</p><br>
<p>File:Kundadri_Jain_Temple_Sunset_View.JPGSunset View</p><br>
<p>File:Sculpture in Kundadri Jain Temple1.JPGJain Temple</p><br>
<p>File:Sculpture in Kundadri Jain Temple.JPGJain Temple</p><br>
<p>Poughkeepsie Almshouse and City Infirmary is a historic almshouse and infirmary complex located at Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York. The complex includes five contributing buildings. The almshouse buildings has a three-story, seven-bay, main block flanked by matching two-story, five-bay, wings. It was built in 1868 of brick with wood trim and features Italianate style details. J.A. Wood is credited as the building&#39;s architeect. The City Infirmary building was built in 1907 and enlarged in 1936. It is a two-story brick and stone building and features a two-story, flat roofed, semi-circular entrance portico. The infirmary closed in 1972. Also on the property are a carriage house, barn, laundry building, combination barn / ice house, and shed. It has been adaptively reused as a satellite campus for Adelphi University.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Westhafen Canal, or Westhafenkanal in German, is a canal in Berlin, Germany. The 3.1 km long canal connects with the Westhafen inland port and the Berlin-Spandau Ship Canal at its eastern end, and with the River Spree in Charlottenburg at its western end. It has no locks.</p><br>
<p>Construction was begun in 1938, but was interrupted by the Second World War, and only completed between 1954 and 1956. The Westhafen Canal partially replaces the Charlottenburg Canal, which provided an earlier connection between the Berlin-Spandau Ship Canal and the River Spree. The section of the Charlottenburg Canal that paralleled the Westhafen Canal has since been abandoned, whilst the remaining section now provides a second link from the Westhafen Canal to the River Spree and to the Landwehr Canal at Spreekreuz.</p><br>
<p>The Charlottenburg Canal, or Charlottenburger Verbindungskanal in German, is a canal in Berlin, Germany.</p><br>
<p>With a former length of 3.2 km, the canal was built between 1848 and 1859, and originally connected the River Spree, in Charlottenburg, with the Berlin-Spandau Ship Canal. The route of canal was north from the River Spree until it passed under the railway bridge carrying the Ringbahn, at which point it turned east along an alignment slightly to the south of that of the more recent Westhafen Canal. After the completion of the latter in 1956, the north-south aligned section of the Charlottenburg Canal was extended to form a right-angled junction with the Westhafen Canal, and the west to east aligned section was closed and filled in. The Berliner Großmarkt or Berlin Wholesale Market now covers the site of this section.</p><br>
<p>The remaining 1.7 km long canal still links the Westhafen Canal with the River Spree and the Landwehr Canal. It has no locks.</p><br>
<p>The waterways crossroad at the southern end of the Charlottenburg Canal, where it meets both the River Spree and the Landwehr Canal, is known as Spreekreuz. Adjoining the canal near Spreekreuz is a police station of the Berlin Wasserschutzpolizei (water police).</p><br>
<p>The Ambrose Whittlesey House is a historic house at 14 Main Street in Old Saybrook, Connecticut that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in two sections. The first section was one story high, built in 1765, measuring 16 ft by 30 ft. This is now at the rear of the house. Around 1800, a two-story main block measuring 30 ft by 34 ft was added. The main block has a relatively plain facade, but it has a Georgian style portico to accent it. The columns holding up the portico are consistent with Georgian proportions, but the fanlight over the door is more related to Federal architecture in style and design. The interior of the 1800 section of the house is generally consistent with Federal-style architecture. This section contains a massive center chimney, dating back to Colonial architecture in its simplicity. The chimney contains flues for six hearths, three on each floor.</p><br>
<p>The house has architectural influences indicating a transition between Georgian architecture and Federal architecture. There are only a few such buildings remaining in this section of Old Saybrook. The actual identification of architectural styles is complicated by the mix of elements such as the large central chimney, reminiscent of colonial-period architecture; the Georgian-style portico, and the Federal-style detailing in the interior. Since there are few other Georgian-style details in the house, it appears likely that the portico was added later.</p><br>
<p>The owner, Ambrose Whittlesey, was the great-great-grandson of John Whittlesey, who was an early settler of the Saybrook Colony in the 17th century. The Whittlesey family was involved in farming, the merchandise trade, and shipbuilding. Ambrose started his career as a sea captain at age 21, trading with the West Indies. He later went on to voyages to Spain and Portugal after the War of 1812. When he died in 1827, his house was inherited by his youngest son, also named Ambrose, although his mother had an encumbrance on the property until her death in 1838. In 1839, his surviving siblings granted him full ownership via a quitclaim deed. The house remained in the Whittlesey family until 1967.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Waterbury Historic District is the core of the city of Waterbury, Connecticut, United States. It is a roughly rectangular area centered on West Main Street and Waterbury Green, the remnant of the original town commons, which has been called "one of the most attractive downtown parks in New England."</p><br>
<p>The Green was the citys first center, with the buildings around it representing all types of uses, from residences to churches to public buildings. Many early buildings were cleared as the city grew and industrialized. Nearby Exchange Place, the junction of the citys streetcar lines, later emerged as a center for retailing. A devastating 1902 fire in that area led to more clearing and rebuilding. In its wake the city&#39;s government buildings were moved to a new municipal complex on Grand Street designed by Cass Gilbert, in accordance with the principles of the City Beautiful movement.</p><br>
<p>Most of its buildings, large commercial blocks, date to the peak years of the city&#39;s industrial prosperity, the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A few earlier buildings survived a devastating 1902 fire. Among them works by locally and nationally prominent architects, the latter group including Henry Bacon and Henry Dudley in addition to Gilbert. They include a variety of contemporary architectural styles, particularly the Second Renaissance Revival, Georgian Revival and Romanesque Revival modes.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. At that time, there were three listings on the Register within the district, including the municipal complex and a pair of houses listed together. Another old hotel has since been listed as well as a contributing property.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is a 75 acre area between the railroad tracks along the Naugatuck River and the Waterbury branch campus of the University of Connecticut. It is an intensively developed urban area, with many multi-story mixed-use buildings. There are 130 in total, with six objects and one structure counted among the contributing resources. Seventeen of the buildings are considered non-contributing, either due to construction outside the period of significance or later alterations. The oldest date to the 1805s; there is some modern infill.</p><br>
<p>Among the buildings are large parking lots, and two small parks, Waterbury Green and Library Park, provide open space. The terrain is generally flat, the former flood plain of the river valley. To the south Interstate 84 crosses the city and valley on an elevated viaduct, affording a panoramic view of the skyline to eastbound traffic on the upper level.</p><br>
<p>The northwestern corner is the intersection of State and West Main streets. The district boundary follows the middle of West Main for two blocks to Park Place, where it turns north, excluding the Mattatuck Museum Arts and History Center and including Immaculate Conception Church and other properties on the north side of West Main. At North Main Street it turns south again, then east along East Main to the eastern corner of the district, the open square at the junction of that street and North and South Elm streets.</p><br>
<p>From there it follows a diagonal course along property lines, crossing Scovill and South Main streets to the junction of Bank and Grand streets. There it follows Grand westward, including the properties on the south side west of Cottage Place. It detours down Field Street in order to include the armory, then all of Library Park and the former American Brass Company headquarters. After following Meadow Street back to Grand, it follows State Street back to the northwest corner.</p><br>
<p>Leavenworth Street, in the middle of the district, divides the two major uses of the district. To its east are more commercial blocks, with buildings packed densely, covering most of their lots, centered on Exchange Place, the blocks between East Main, Leavenworth, Bank and Grand. West, the buildings are primarily institutional, dominated by the row of buildings forming part of the Waterbury Municipal Center Complex, with large setbacks from the street and each other. There are some commercial buildings among them, and one major institutional building, the post office, is located in the eastern half.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Downtown Waterbury&#39;s history has four distinct eras, the same as the city as a whole: the period from settlement in the late 17th century to the beginning of industrialization, the industrial era of the rest of the century, the planned development after the 1902 fire, and the years of industrial decline since World War II.</p><br>
<h3>1677–1820: Pre-industrial era</h3><br>
<p>From the time of its settlement in the 1670s, Waterbury had been a lightly populated agricultural community. Its growth was hampered in the early years by flood and plague, and later the difficulty of farming the land. Several decades after the Revolution, its population was not much larger than it had been a century earlier.</p><br>
<p>Industrialization began in the early 1820s, with makers of carriages, buttons and clocks attracted to the water power offered by the many streams draining into the Naugatuck in the area, the feature which had given the town its name. To serve them, some local businessmen went into the brassmaking business. They established mills of their own which drew on British expertise in the area to make the alloy in sheets, beginning the industry the city was to become known for.</p><br>
<p>The industrialists began to change the city. Their first suggestion to the community was the creation of a town green.</p><br>
<p>Few buildings remain anywhere in Waterbury from the citys early years, due to the extensive rebuilding that followed. The dearth, in a region where many communities have 18th- and sometimes 17th-century buildings extant, is such that the local historical society has printed a brochure explaining the lack of such structure in Waterbury to visitors, and the citys daily newspaper once ran a contest to find its oldest house. Within the district, the oldest structure is an 1835 Greek Revival building at 67–73 South Main Street. Its layout and dimensions remain intact; its exterior has been so extensively altered that it is not considered a contributing property despite its advanced age.</p><br>
<h3>1825–1902: Industrialization</h3><br>
<p>Waterbury&#39;s growth continued to be steady but slow until it incorporated as a city in 1853. By 1860 its population had doubled to over 10,000. During this period Exchange Place, at the junction of the main east-west and north-south routes of the city, established itself as the central business hub of the city. The Greek Revival buildings on those blocks reflect that era.</p><br>
<p>Waterbury Green continued to develop, surrounded by a mix of public and private buildings, including City Hall, the library, and some private houses. The first monument, a flagpole, was added in 1851, joined by rectilinear dirt pathways later in the decade (themselves replaces witrh the current curved concrete paths in 1873). In 1884, to honor local veterans of the Civil War the Soldiers Monument by George Edwin Bissell, was added. Four years later, the Welton Fountain, memorializing its donors favorite horse, joined it at the opposite end of the park.</p><br>
<p>Industry, at first located in that core, began moving to larger spaces further away from it as the city expanded and grew with them. Merchants moved into bigger buildings, such as the 1888 Romanesque Revival Platt Block and 1890 Queen Anne Hanlon Block on East Main Street. The 1894 Apothecaries&#39; Hall, a seven-story flatiron-shaped building at Bank and South Main, has remained the focal point of Exchange Place ever since.</p><br>
<p>Local architects who would make their mark on the district began to do at this time. Wilfred E. Griggs first building of note, the Odd Fellows Hall on North Main, with its rare American use of the Venetian Gothic mode, went up in 1893. It was the first of two buildings he would design for local chapters of international fraternal organizations, reflecting their growing role in the citys social and political life. The 1889 Richardsonian Romanesque St. Patrick&#39;s Hall on East Main marked the rise of Irish Americans, not only in its social-service function but in the person of its architect, Joseph A. Jackson, himself the son of an Irish immigrant builder.</p><br>
<p>Wealthier residents built grand homes on West Main Street, like the John Kendrick House, as the expansion of the commercial district began pushing residential use out of that area. Houses of worship such as Henry C. Dudleys 1873 St. Johns Episcopal Church, and Henry Congden&#39;s Trinity Episcopal Church, ten years later, followed them. In 1894 the Silas Bronson library moved from the Green to its current location on Grand Street, the first such move of a major public building.</p><br>
<h3>1902–1945: Planning era</h3><br>
<p>By the turn of the century Waterbury was producing 48 percent of all American brass.</p><br>
<p>The strength of the citys industries, many of whom were building newer and larger facilities anyway, left it in a good position to recover from the 1902 fire which destroyed 42 buildings on three acres (3 acre) downtown, many newer construction in the Italianate style, such as the surviving 1854 Reynolds Block on North Main. After the flames were extinguished, the city set about restoring itself, giving the future district many of its distinctive buildings. The first, the Second Renaissance Revival Howland Hughes department store building on Bank Street, was opened the following year, the first such enterprise in Waterbury; and architect Wilfred E. Griggs followed it with the similarly styled Elton Hotel on West Main across from the Green the next year and the Masonic Temple further down the street in 1912. Such large-scale buildings ensured downtown remained the citys economic center, at the cost of driving all remaining residential use out. Residential buildings that remained were converted to institutional use; large apartment blocks like the 1910 Jacobethan Hitchock and Northrop, two buildings next to the Masonic temple that shared a common elevator tower, were also built on the periphery of downtown.</p><br>
<p>As it had when creating Waterbury Green, an early urban renewal program was undertaken to create the new Library Park at the intersection of Grand and Meadow streets. Old commercial buildings and tenements in the area were demolished, and the streets realigned and straightened to create an appropriate neighborhood for the new Waterbury Union Station, which opened in 1909. Although outside the district, its 240 ft clock tower, modeled on the Torre del Mangia in Siena, Italy, has since become the city&#39;s distinguishing landmark owing to its dominance of the skyline.</p><br>
<p>Within the future district, American Brass, the citys largest employer, built its Renaissance Revival headquarters in 1913 at the Grand and Meadow corner, facing the station. The It was complemented by the Georgian Revival Waterbury City Hall to the east designed by Cass Gilbert and completed in 1917, five years after the original building at Leavenworth and West Main was destroyed by an arsonist. Gilbert complemented it at the same time with the Chase Headquarters Building, for another one of the citys brassmakers. Other large buildings, mainly the headquarters of local banks, filled out Grand Street. These were all part of a conscious attempt, following the contemporary City Beautiful movement, to provide impressive vistas both approaching and leaving the commercial center at Exchange Place, now the hub of the city&#39;s trolley lines.</p><br>
<p>During World War I the citys brass mills were in constant operation for military contracts, first from the Allies and later the federal government when the United States joined them. Afterward, the prosperity continued into the Roaring Twenties, introducing more significant new buildings to the city. Some were in styles that had already been used downtown, like the Georgian Revival YMCA building on West Main, Gilberts 1921 Waterbury Savings Bank next to the municipal complex, and the Second Renaissance Revival Waterbury Savings Bank on North Main. Henry Bacon contributed the Citizens and Manufacturers Bank on Leavenworth Street in that style, in 1921, and the following year a third one, the Palace Theater on West Main, gave the city what was to be its premier theater for many years. The later years of the decade brought in newer styles like the Baroque Revival Immaculate Conception Church, a 1928 edifice reflecting the progress of Waterbury&#39;s Catholic immigrant communities.</p><br>
<p>The last significant architectural style downtown, the Art Deco and modernist buildings, came at the end of this period, just before the Great Depression put a halt to most new private construction. The most prominent examples of these styles in the district are the 1930 Brown Building at the corner of East and South Main, and the 1931 Art Deco post office on Grand Street. Further down the street the same year&#39;s Telephone Building, by Douglas Orr, uses modernistic brick detailing on a Georgian Revival design.</p><br>
<h3>1946–present: Decline and renewal</h3><br>
<p>A decade later, prosperity returned as World War II drove the brass mills into round-the-clock production again. This time it did not continue after the war, as plastics began to displace brass in manufacturing. Downtown also suffered as returning veterans, who were honored with a new, star-shaped monument on the Green, sought to live in more suburban neighborhoods, with a single-family house and a yard, a living option that no longer existed in the center of the city. This created a demand for newer and bigger roads to accommodate the automobile traffic that came to the city from those suburbs, and buildings were demolished to build them.</p><br>
<p>The effect on the district was mixed. While the bus routes that replaced the trolley lines continued to meet at Exchange Place, urban renewal programs later in the 20th century eliminated some major properties, most notably the McKim, Mead and White Buckingham Block at the corner of Bank and Grand and the neighboring Democrat Building. At West Main and Bank, Baubees Corner, a brick building inspired by Federal style rowhouses of the early 19th century, also met the wrecking ball. Other historic buildings, such as the 1908 Rietner Building on North Main, home to the citys Chamber of Commerce, were modernized to an extent that their historic character was lost.</p><br>
<p>Newer construction continued in the district, with the new UConn campus taking up much of the cleared land in the east, obliterating Spring and School streets in the process. A new Bronson Library was built in 1963, followed by a new state courthouse nine years later, in 1974. Downtown has remained the economic center of the city and its surrounding region of the Naugatuck Valley, with many local banks still clustering their offices around the Green.</p><br>
<p>In the early 2000s neglect of City Hall led to the citys own building department citing it as unsafe. In 2006 a $48 million bond issue for renovations was rejected by voters in a referendum. The next year the citys Board of Aldermen put together a $36 million plan for which no referendum was sought. The rebuilt building opened in early 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>At the time the district was listed on the Register, there were three properties within it that had previously been listed. Another one has been added since. In addition, there are many other contributing properties notable within the context of the district. Some have been nominated to the Register in the past, and may be listed themselves in the future.</p><br>
<h3>National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>Elton Hotel, 16–30 West Main Street. This six-story Second Renaissance Revival brick structure with limestone trim, designed by Wilfred E. Griggs, has dominated the Green ever since its construction in 1904. Today it is a senior living facility.</p><br>
<p>Enoch Hubbard and George Granniss Houses, 33 and 41 Church Street. These two wood frame houses, in the Italianate and Stick styles respectively, date to the 1860s. They are among the few single-family residences remaining downtown, both since converted to commercial use.</p><br>
<p>John Kendrick House, 119 West Main Street. The Mattatuck Museum operates this brick Italianate house on the Green, also built in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>Waterbury Municipal Center Complex, Grand and Field streets. Waterburys City Hall is surrounded by other large buildings in the City Beautiful monumental style, not all of them originally public in function. Cass Gilberts designs were built between 1914 and 1922.</p><br>
<h3>Other notable contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>American Brass Company Building, 414–436 Meadow Street. The brick Second Renaissance Revival headquarters of the largest company in the city&#39;s most important industry was opened in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Apothecaries&#39; Hall, 63 Bank Street. Built in 1894 from a Second Renaissance Revival design by local architect Theodore Peck, this seven-story flatiron-shaped building has long been the focal point of Exchange Place. Recently remodeled into luxury apartments.</p><br>
<p>Brown Building, 20 East Main Street. One of the last large commercial buildings erected during the district&#39;s period of significance, this three-story corner modernist structure from 1930 has intricate Art Deco detailing.</p><br>
<p>Catholic Family Services, 56 Church Street. Dating to 1856, this wood frame Italianate house with fluted Tower of the Winds-style columns is one of the oldest residential buildings in the district. Like so many of the other houses, it has been adapted for institutional use.</p><br>
<p>Citizens&#39; National Bank, 18 Leavenworth Street. This stone 1922 Second Renaissance Revival structure was designed by Lincoln Memorial architect Henry Bacon. Its interior has since mostly been modernized.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Franklin Statue, Library Park. This 1918 bronze rendering of a seated Franklin by Paul Wayland Bartlett is the only contributing object in the district outside of Waterbury Green.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Apartments, 180–182 Grand Street. Two 1910 joined four-story brick structures are the only Beaux-Arts buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>Hanlon Block, 181–187 East Main Street. This four-story brick structure, built around 1890, is one of the rare commercial uses of the Queen Anne Style.</p><br>
<p>The Hitchcock and The Northrop, 164–184 West Main Street. Griggs designed one of these two 1910 Jacobethan apartment buildings. The five-story brick structures, with yellow brick and limestone detailing, are joined by a common elevator tower.</p><br>
<p>Howland-Hughes Company Building, 114–138 Bank Street. Griggs & Hunt built this five-story Second Renaissance Revival home to Waterbury&#39;s first true department store within a year of the 1902 fire. Today it is home to The Connecticut Store, which sells only items made in the state.</p><br>
<p>Immaculate Conception Church, West Main Street. This 1928 limestone Baroque Revival Roman Catholic church was based on a 17th-century Roman basilica.</p><br>
<p>Johnson Building, 111–115 Bank Street. A 4-story concrete structure from 1925, it is the only Late Gothic Revival building in the district. It has been slightly remodeled with a modern storefront.</p><br>
<p>Masonic Temple, 160 West Main Street. The later of Griggs&#39; two buildings for a local chapter of an international fraternal organization is a four-story stone Second Renaissance Revival structure finished in 1912. It consists of two distinct sections joined at right angles along the corner of West Main and Park Place.</p><br>
<p>New Haven County Courthouse Building, 15–17 Kendrick Street. This stone Second Renaissance Revival courthouse was another of the monumental public buildings envisioned for the Grand Street corridor. It has since been replaced with a newer building nearby, reflecting Connecticut&#39;s abolition of county government.</p><br>
<p>Odd Fellows Hall, 36 North Main Street. This 1893 building for the fraternal organization marked their growing importance within the city. Local architect Wilfred Griggs made rare use of the Venetian Gothic mode in one of his earliest buildings.</p><br>
<p>Palace Theatre, 86–110 East Main Street. For years after its 1922 opening, this Second Renaissance Revival building was the city&#39;s premier theater. Hotel rooms were also included.</p><br>
<p>Palomba Building, 150 Bank Street. An 1845 Italianate commercial structure that is one of the few intact buildings from that era remaining. Originally built as a house, with modern storefronts attached.</p><br>
<p>Platt Block, 43 East Main Street. A four-story stone brick building with limestone trim, it was one of the first large commercial buildings in the district when built in 1888.</p><br>
<p>Reynolds Block, 26–28 North Main Street. Half of an otherwise intact 1854 Italianate building facing the Welton Fountain, it is typical of the buildings that characterized downtown Waterbury before the 1902 fire.</p><br>
<p>Rose Building, 77–85 South Main Street. This modernist brick commercial building with the Art Deco letters spelling out "Rose" on the facade dates to 1950, making it the district&#39;s youngest contributing property.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Episcopal Church Complex, 16 Church Street. Henry Dudleys 1873 granite Gothic Revival church is complemented with an 1890 Romanesque center by local architect R.W. Hill and 1922 Richard Henry Dana stone Jacobethan parish house.</p><br>
<p>St. Patricks Hall, 112–118 East Main Street. Joseph Jacskon, the son of an Irish immigrant builder, designed this 1889 brick Romanesque structure with a brownstone front facade. His credit as architect, and the buildings use, marked the social arrival of Waterbury&#39;s Irish American community.</p><br>
<p>Telephone Building, 348 Grand Street. On its 1930 brick Georgian Revival facade is Art Deco detailing and brickwork.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church, 21 Prospect Street. The smallest church in the district is Henry Congden&#39;s 1883 stone structure in the Early English Gothic Revival style. A parish house was added to the rear in 1900.</p><br>
<p>USA Post Office, Grand Street. The most significant modern public building in the district is this 1931 white marble Art Deco edifice. George Totten, under Treasury Department Supervising Architect James Wetmore, was credited with the design.</p><br>
<p>Waterbury Armory, Field Street. Its use of the Romanesque style in 1922 was one of the last in the district. It complements the adjacent public and private structures in the Gilbert municipal complex.</p><br>
<p>Waterbury YMCA, 122–130 West Main Street. One of the last large Georgian Revival buildings in the city when it was erected in 1924.</p><br>
<h3>Waterbury Green</h3><br>
<p>The two-acre (8,000 m²) park between North, East and West Main and Leavenworth streets, the symbolic center of the city, links Waterbury to its early years, as a renovated fragment of the original town common. Over the course of the 19th century it assumed its current configuration with curved concrete walkways. Since its creation it has been the venue for many public events such as troop musters during wartime, demonstrations against those wars and economic hardship during the Panic of 1893 and Great Depression, and speeches by John, Robert and Ted Kennedy.</p><br>
<p>It has four monuments, all but one of which are contributing objects to the district:</p><br>
<p>The Soldiers&#39; Monument, at the west end. George Edwin Bissell sculpted this bronze "Winged Victory" atop a 48 ft granite base with smaller figures in its niches. It was installed in 1884 to honor and memorialize local veterans of the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Veterans&#39; Monument, near the east end. The city commissioned this modernist 1958 monument to all local veterans. It is non-contributing.</p><br>
<p>The Waterbury Clock, center. The head of the local Chamber of Commerce fought to have this tall granite Seth Thomas clock tower, commemorating another important local business, placed on the Green in 1915. It is still sometimes referred to as the Colley Clock, after him.</p><br>
<p>Welton Fountain, east end. This 1888 Karl Gerhardt statue of donor Caroline Welton&#39;s favorite horse, "Knight", is atop a fountain.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>Waterbury&#39;s zoning code recognizes the downtown area as its Central Business District (CBD). Its purpose is "to encourage intensive development of a diversity of land uses within the area." The only provision unique to it is that any residential use must have a side or rear setback of at least 15 ft. There are no special provisions for historic preservation.</p><br>
<p>In 1998 the city established an Information Technology Zone over a 42-block area including the historic district. The state spent $2.2 million installing fiber optic, and set aside money for incentives to encourage businesses to locate in the zone. These include tax abatements and financing for eligible businesses, those which use modern technology to conduct their business.</p><br>
<p>Private businesses, landowners, residents and city officials have also joined to create Main Street Waterbury. Its goal is "to increase the political, physical, and economic value of Downtown Waterbury." It promotes the cultural and business opportunities available downtown for residents and visitors alike.</p><br>
<p>The Sawyer–Curtis House is a historic residence in the community of Little Hocking in Washington County, Ohio, United States. Sawyer&#39;s house is a weatherboarded structure with a tin roof and a foundation of sandstone. Built around a frame of logs, it is constructed with a typical New England floor plan, with its most significant individual feature being a massive chimney at the center of the house.</p><br>
<p>Besides serving as Sawyers home, the house has served a range of purposes over the past two centuries. Among the other individuals who have lived there is its other namesake, Horace Curtis, who was one of the leading members of Washington County society in his day. Its uses have not been restricted to residential purposes: it has also been used as a post office and as a store, although it is currently used as a residence. In 1984, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, along with one related building; it qualified for this designation because of its historically significant architecture and its place as the home of one of the areas leading citizens.</p><br>
<p>The Millen House  is a historic residence on the campus of Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, United States. Built by an early farmer, it is one of Bloomington&#39;s oldest houses, and it has been named a historic landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Millen family</h2><br>
<p>Born in 1801 in Chester District, South Carolina, William Moffett Millen married the former Eleanor McGill, a native of Xenia, Ohio, and moved to Bloomington circa 1833. He was one of many Scotch-Irish South Carolinians who moved to the Bloomington region around this time; these individuals fled north because of their opposition to the slavery system prevalent in South Carolina at the time. Most of these people, including Millen, were members of small Presbyterian denominations: the Associate, Associate Reformed, and Reformed Presbyterian Churches. These three denominations were very similar to each other: the Reformed and Associate churches left the Church of Scotland due to what they believed to be that denominations departure from biblical teachings; Because of their shared heritage, the members of the three denominations were culturally very similar and maintained social ties across their religious differences. When the Reformed Presbyterian Churchs governing body banned slavery in 1800, its members complied with the decision almost unanimously, becoming fervent abolitionists; although the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in the South never spoke officially on the subject, many of its members were in agreement with the Reformed Presbyterians. As the economy of upland South Carolina faltered in the 1820s, many members of these churches began to sell their small farms and move to free states.</p><br>
<p>An abolitionist Associate Reformed Presbyterian, Millen chose to move to the recently founded town of Bloomington, which had been started fifteen years earlier as the home of the Indiana State Seminary. Although isolated from transportation routes such as the Ohio River, the town was growing as a center of education and as the commercial and political hub of Monroe County. When Millen and his family settled in Bloomington, they found a population of approximately seven hundred residents. Millen purchased one quarter section of land between the Nashville and Columbus Roads. Here, he and his wife and three children built a log cabin; on their farm, the family grew such crops as corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes; among their livestock were thirty-five cattle, a number significantly greater than the typical small farmer of the period could own. Besides farming, the Millens operated a kiln, which they used to manufacture bricks for multiple significant buildings in the city. As the years passed, the farm was expanded; by 1860, the farm had grown to 320 acre, twice its original size.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and architecture</h2><br>
<p>As his prosperity grew, William Millen erected a far larger house in 1845. Replacing the original log cabin was a sizeable Georgian residence with Greek Revival influences, built primarily of bricks from his own kiln. Such a house demonstrates the prosperity of its builder: and styles such as the Georgian and Greek Revival represented the increasing influence of Eastern sophistication. Located on N. Bryan Avenue, the house is a two-story building constructed of hand-pressed bricks; it rests on a limestone foundation and features significant amounts of framing made of tuliptree wood. The load-bearing walls of the interior, also built of brick, range from 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 cm) in thickness; some wooden frame, including a central beam 1.5 ft thick, also supports the house.</p><br>
<p>Millen&#39;s house is a rectangular building planned in a highly symmetrical fashion. All of its twenty-seven windows (each the same size as all of the others) are arranged in a regular fashion around the entrances on the five-bay northern and southern fronts of the house and on both of its three-bay ends. Two chimneys are located on each of the two ends, with one on either side of the peak of the roof. Regularity of design is also evidenced on the inside, in which each floor is divided into four rooms with a central hallway; each room features a fireplace and entrances to the hallway and to the adjacent room. Few ornate architectural details are present in the house; the most prominent of those that exist are the four Doric pillars of the small front porch and a simple cornice at the base of the porch roof. Throughout the interior, elements such as the fireplaces, woodworking, window glass, and molding are original to the house, although all of the fireplaces have been modified to prevent their use as fireplaces.</p><br>
<h2>After construction</h2><br>
<p>Although a member of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, Millen was closely associated with leading members of the Bloomington Reformed Presbyterian Church, which was founded twelve years before his arrival in Monroe County. Due to their fiercely abolitionist position, Reformed Presbyterian leaders such as Thomas Smith and James Faris, the congregation&#39;s first minister, were active participants in the local Underground Railroad movement. Because these men, like Millen, lived on farms east of town, it is possible that he collaborated with them. Local tradition has regarded the Millen House as an active station on the Underground Railroad; while no proof has been found for such a position, the close distance between these three farms makes such a situation more likely.</p><br>
<p>William Millen sold his house and farm to another local farmer, James Clark, in 1880. From this point, the familys history is divided and somewhat obscure: both Millen sons moved to the Great Plains, William and his daughter Eliza remained in Monroe County, where they are buried, and Eleanors date of death, place of death, and place of burial are all shrouded in mystery. Clark owned the land for just two years, selling it to a farming family named Rogers, which remained on the property until 1900. In that year, the farm was purchased at auction by Henry and Minnie Lee for slightly less than $4,000 — substantially less than the $8,500 for which Millen had sold it or the $12,000 for which the Rogers had bought it. As Bloomington began to grow eastward, the Lees&#39; land rose in value; they sold the land to another couple in 1923, who platted and sold most of the farm for residential purposes, and who quickly sold the house itself for $7,500 to Indiana University professor Agnes Wells. For most of her time as owner, Wells rented the house to university students. Another couple bought the house in 1944 but sold it to the university two years later. At that time, the G.I. Bill led to vastly increased enrollment; therefore, the university used the residence to house faculty and staff, and the surrounding neighborhood was purchased for student housing. The last private owner, Ann Stallknecht, bought the property in 1950; in 1969, she sold the property back to the university, which has owned it since that time.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the property reverted to university ownership, history professor Thomas D. Clark became the executive secretary of the Organization of American Historians. Working with university president Herman B Wells, Clark arranged for the organization&#39;s headquarters to be moved into the Millen House in 1970, where they have remained to the present day. Today, the organization primarily refers to it as the "Raintree House," a name derived from two large raintrees that were formerly located on the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>Only three other Georgian houses from the early and middle nineteenth century survive in Bloomington and the surrounding area; two of them have been modified greatly, and the third is collapsing, making the Millen House one of Monroe Countys earliest and best preserved residences. Between 1999 and 2001, historic preservation officials working with the city of Bloomington surveyed the entire city and identified over two thousand buildings that were deemed to be historic to one extent or another. Because of its well-preserved historic architecture and its place in the settlement of the region, the Millen House was given the rating of "Outstanding&quot the highest of the ratings given by the survey, it was accorded to less than three percent of the citys historic buildings. Key to the criteria for an Outstanding rating was that a property be likely to pass the criteria for addition to the National Register of Historic Places. In recognition of this status, more extensive research into the house&#39;s history was performed in the early 2000s, and the Millen House was listed on the National Register on September 29, 2004. It is one of forty properties and historic districts in Monroe County with this distinction.</p><br>
<p>Poughkeepsie City Hall is a historic city hall located in Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York at 228 Main Street. It was built in 1831 and is a two story, red brick building with a basement and attic, in the Greek Revival style. It has a gable roof with a rooftop belfry with square columns, spindle balustrade, and slate covered hipped roof. It is currently used as the Commissioner of Jurors Office.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Poughkeepsie’s current city hall stands around the corner at Civic Center Plaza and is constructed in the brutalist style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed when Poughkeepsie was still a village, with the intention of having a fish market on the first floor and a village hall on the second. It cost $7,200 ($ in 2016) to build in addition to the $7,000 to acquire the land parcels for the project. When Poughkeepsie became incorporated as a city in 1854, the building then became known as city hall. In 1865, the space was remodeled for use as the Poughkeepsie Post Office, where it operated until 1886 after the completion of a new post office building around the corner on Market Street. A newspaper operated there for a short time after until the city needed the space to accommodate more municipal offices. In 1943, then-mayor Daniel Wilbur proposed to raze the aging structure and replace it with a grand municipal building akin in style to the New York Public Library in Manhattan. The proposed replacement was never built but the structure was refurbished the following year. The exterior paint was sandblasted to show the original brick color and brownstone elements were added. The building was acquired by the county government in 1972 when the city government moved to the current city hall. The county planned to demolish it and create a parking lot for the nearby county offices but several members of the public opposed this and pushed for the building to be reused. The county struggled to find a stable tenant for the building until the 1990s when it was finally renovated for use as the Commissioner of Jurors Office. The building still has its tin ceilings and the original bell remains in the belfry. The old city hall is the only public building that remains from the years when Poughkeepsie was still a village.</p><br>
<p>The James Pharmacy is a historic building at 2 Pennywise Lane in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. It is a two story wood frame structure, built in an evolutionary fashion beginning c. 1820. The building combines a residential space and a retail one, and has a predominantly Colonial Revival character now. This character is largely due to alterations made by Anna James, the owner of the pharmacy 1918-44. Anna James  was the first African-American woman pharmacist in the state, and was a well-known local fixture of the community. It is also the birthplace and childhood home of author Ann Petry, who was James&#39; niece. and</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. It is a contributing element in the Old Saybrook South Green district.</p><br>
<p>The Burnell Tavern is an historic former tavern on Maine State Route 113 in West Baldwin, Maine. Built in 1737, it is the oldest building in the rural community, and has long been a local landmark. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 29, 1983. It is now a private residence, not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Burnell Tavern is located in West Baldwin, a dispersed rural area. It is set on the west side of the Pequawket Trail (Maine State Routes 5, 113 and 117), historically the principal route between the coast of southern Maine and Fryeburg, which was the location of the Native American community known as Pequawket. Its main block is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, two asymmetrically placed chimneys, clapboard siding, and a stone foundation. The front, facing east, is symmetrically arranged, with the entrance set in a gable-roofed vestibule projecting at the center, flanked by sidelight windows. A secondary entrance is located on the south side, topped by a transom window and entablature. A two-story ell extends to the rear, flush with the main block&#39;s south side, giving the building an L shape. At the rear of the property stands a 19th-century carriage barn.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was built in 1737 by Gideon Burnell, a local farmer, and is believed to be the oldest building standing in Baldwin. Burnell also operated local grist and saw mills, and a store. The tavern catered to travelers en route between Portland and central New Hampshire, and remained in the hands of Burnell&#39;s descendants into the 20th century. It is now a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Blackhawk Putnam Tavern is an historic house at 22 North Street in Houlton, Maine, United States. Built in 1813, it is the oldest standing building Aroostook County. In the mid-19th century it served as a tavern on the military road, and one of its owners was Blackhawk Putnam, a veteran of the American Civil War. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 30, 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Blackhawk Putnam Tavern is set on the west side of North Street (United States Route 1), a short way north of a bend in the Meduxnekeag River, which winds through Houlton. It is a 3-1/2 story wood frame structure, with two fully framed stories, and an additional 1-1/2 under the side-gable roof. There are two interior brick chimneys. The main facade faces east, and is five bays wide, with the center entry sheltered by a 20th-century Colonial Revival portico. Windows are symmetrically-spaced, with a slightly wider gap on either side of the center bay. The corners of the building have wide corner boards, and the front and rear have a broad entablature below the roof line. The interior of the building follows a typical Federal-period center-hall plan, with two rooms on either side of the hall at each level. Trim, both interior and exterior, is a combination of Federal and Greek Revival styling.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was built in 1813 by Samuel Wormwood, a master carpenter originally from Alfred, Maine, for Aaron Putnam, who had settled in the Houlton area in 1805. It was not the first house built in Houlton by Wormwood; a house built for the local doctor in 1812 burned down in 1879. Houlton was connected to the rest of Maine by a military road built in 1828, and it is probable that the house began to serve as a tavern around then, as it was likely the largest house in the small community. The house was the scene of several sessions of the Washington County district court before the area was set off as Aroostook County in 1839. It then held sessions of that countys court for a number of years, and was owned by John Varnum Putnam, the county sheriff for many years. Putnams son, Blackhawk, commanded a company of Maine volunteer infantry in the American Civil War. The property was used as a restaurant for a time after his death; it is now a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Wilbur Cahoon House is one of the oldest homes in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. The house is 80 ft long with 12 rooms, situated overlooking French Creek. Wilbur Cahoon arrived in Avon in 1814 from Herkimer County, New York with his wife, Priscilla and family; Cahoon purchased 800 acres through a trade of 100 acres in New York. His new land was covered by a forest, and he and his family constructed a log cabin as a temporary shelter. In the following year, he began to build a sawmill nearby along French Creek, and in 1818 established a gristmill. The log cabin was no longer the Cahoon family home after 1826, when the present house was erected. Later in life, Cahoon entered into local public service: he served as Justice of the Peace for Avon, Sheffield and Dover Townships, as well as holding offices such as overseer of the poor, elections judge, and constable.</p><br>
<p>Cahoon&#39;s house is a Greek Revival building with prominent local vernacular influences. Although the style is typical of period houses in the region, its floor plan is unusually disorderly, in contrast to the symmetry of typical Greek Revival structures, and the house is unusually short for its footprint. Set on a stone foundation, the house is a two-story wooden structure with a protruding gabled section on the left, as seen from the road. Shuttered windows fill much of the wall space on the facade.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Cahoon House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its connection to Cahoon. As the home of the first pioneer in the area and as one of the area&#39;s earliest buildings in any architectural style, it occupies a significant place in local history.</p><br>
<p>The Chief Andrew J. Blackbird House, also known as the Andrew J. Blackbird Museum, is located at 368 East Main Street in Harbor Springs, Michigan. Now a museum, it was built as the home of the Chief Andrew Blackbird family. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and currently operates as a museum of American Indian artifacts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chief Andrew Blackbird was an Odawa (Ottawa) tribe leader, historian, and proponent of Indian civil rights. He was author of the 1887 book, History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan. He was born in about 1815, and as an adult served in a number of government posts, including being appointed US interpreter for the Mackinac Agency in 1861 and appointed postmaster of Little Traverse (now Harbor Springs) in 1869.</p><br>
<p>Blackbird purchased this house in about 1858 for the use of his family. When he was appointed postmaster, the house doubled as the post office, and residents picked up their main in the Blackbird kitchen. As the town grew and the salary of the postmaster increased, new residents disliked the arrangement, and in 1873 petitioned to have Blackbird removed. In response, Blackbird built an addition to his house to serve as the post office. However, Blackbird was removed as postmaster in 1877.</p><br>
<p>Blackbird&#39;s wife, Elizabeth, continued to live in the house until her death in 1920. Her two sons lived their until their deaths, the last in 1947. It was them it was sold to the Michigan Indian Foundation, and opened as a local museum in 1948. The City of Harbor Springs purchased the house in 1964, with the stipulation that it be used an Indian museum. It now operates as a museum of American Indian artifacts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Chief Andrew Blackbird House is constructed in two connected parts, both 1-1/2 story wood frame buildings clad with white-painted wooden clapboard siding. The original 1860 section has a porch extending across the front, the entry door opens into the kitchen. The connected early 1870s section served as a post office, and has a false front above the entrance. THis section still contains some of the original mailboxes. Each section has a brick chimney.</p><br>
<p>The Steinbergstein is a mountain,  high, in the Kitzbühel Alps in Austria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Steinbergstein rises between the valleys of the Windauer Ache and the Kelchsauer Ache. The cirque between the north face of the Steinbergstein, the Ramkarkopf and the Steinberg, which is rich in springs, forms the Steinberggraben stream that empties into the Windauer Ache river.</p><br>
<p>The source of the Trattenbach stream lies to the south of the Steinberg, feeding the Kurze Grundache, a tributary of the Kelchsauer Ache.</p><br>
<h2>Use</h2><br>
<p>Above the tree line the open slopes are used as grazing grounds for sheep, goats, cows and horses. In summer, flocks of sheep are especially common around the summit. A material ropeway runs from the Gamskogel Hut to the Lagfelden Alm. The hiking trails are all marked with tree-mounted and ground-based signs.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>From Kelchsau the route runs along the track past the Sonnblick snack bar to the Demmels Hut. From here it runs through the Lodron Alm through open alpine pasture up to the summit of the Lodron. From here it is a 1½ hour walk to the top of Steinbergstein. Five hours should be allowed for the whole journey.</p><br>
<p>Another route runs along the trafficable forest track in the Windautal valley then continues to the foot of the Kröndlhorn mountain, up to the Steinberghaus and the Gamskogel Hut.</p><br>
<p>The shortest, but hardest, route runs along the eastern flank from the Gamskogel Hut through the Ahornau Alm steeply uphill to the Lagfelden Alm. From here it crosses open terrain on an unmetalled, but signposted route up to the summit.</p><br>
<p>There is also an ascent from the Steinberghaus that runs alongside the Steinberggraben through the Neuhögen Alms and the Oberkar Alm up to the Lodronjoch saddle. From there it continues over the Ramkarkopf to the Steinbergstein.</p><br>
<p>All the trails, especially that over the eastern flank, require sure-footedness. In winter the Steinbergstein is a popular and challenging destination for ski tours.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The Steinbergstein has a summit cross made of steel where there is a stamp and a summit register. The present cross was erected in summer 1978.</p><br>
<p>The summit offers an impressive view over the Brixental valley and the Kaisergebirge mountains to the north. The crest of the Kitzbühel Alps, with its prominent peaks of the Salzachgeier and the Kröndlhorn stretch away to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Schattberg is a high mountain in the Kitzbühel Alps in the Austrian state of Salzburg.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Schattberg is the local mountain for the Pinzgau parish of Saalbach-Hinterglemm, that lies about 3 kilometres to the north. It forms the end of a mountain ridge that runs from the high Hochkogel over the high Saalbachkogel and the high Stemmerkogel to the north. To the west is the Schwarzachgraben stream, to the east the valley of the Löhnersbach which descends into the Glemmtal. The mountain has three peaks: the West Schattberg (Schattberg West), the Middle Schattberg (Mittelgipfel) and the East Schattberg (Schattberg-Ost), which is northeast of the Dillinger Eck.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The West and East Schattberg are accessible on ski lifts from Hinterglemm and Saalbach that form part of the Saalbach-Hinterglemm-Leogang ski region.</p><br>
<p>Before the Schattberg X-Press cableway was erected in 2003, the Schattberg Cable Car (Schattbergbahn), built in 1960, ran from Saalbach to the summit. This cable car was, after its upgrade in 1973, the largest of its type in Austria, capable of transporting 100 people per cabin, and having the strongest standing cable (63 mm) in the world.</p><br>
<p>Around the mountain are several alm huts. The area is accessible on numerous hiking trails. Signposted ascents run from the northwest and northeast to the main peak, the Middle Schattberg. Gravelled tracks run up to the west and east peaks that are popular with mountain bikers. A signed climbing path runs to the south as well as a ski route to the Pinzgau Ridgeway, a popular mountain trail.</p><br>
<p>The Winter Saloon, also known as Harm&#39;s Bar, is a historic structure in Norwood Young America, Minnesota, United States. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on January 4, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Winter Saloon is located on the corner of Elm and Hazel Streets in the central business district of historic Norwood, Minnesota. The town merged with neighboring Young America in 1997 to become Norwood Young America. The L-shaped, two story wood frame structure is sheathed in clapboard and topped with a gable roof. The orientation of the plan allows the commercial section to front the main street while the residential section is set back to allow for a front porch and small lawn.</p><br>
<p>The gable end of the commercial section forms the street facade. The original fenestration remains, including the design of the store front, the four-over-four double hung windows with peaked cornices and a fanlight near the top of the gable. The second floor of the commercial section originally served as a meeting hall and has an exterior enclosed staircase. The residential section is divided into three bays which front on the street. A one story porch running the length of the street facade, and uses a simple configuration supported by three square posts with beveled corners. The windows for this section are two-over-two double hung and capped with simple cornices.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Winter Saloon is the oldest and best preserved of Norwood Young America&#39;s bars, and is a dominating architectural feature in the small downtown. The original owners, the Winter Brothers, received the first liquor license in Norwood in 1891. Known as a "thirst parlor", it was located on the first floor of the commercial portion of the building. The second floor meeting hall was used by various fraternal organizations such as the Degree of Honor and Modern Woodmen. The proprietor lived in the residential section of the building.</p><br>
<p>At the time the first liquor license was issued in 1891 it cost $2.08. The bar went through a series of owners until Prohibition in 1919. In 1934, after the law was repealed, the bar was purchased by George Harm, Sr. A liquor license at that time cost $200.00. The bar remained in three generations of his family and was open at the time the building was listed on the NRHP in 1980; during this period the cost of a liquor license peaked at $1500 in 1954.</p><br>
<p>Bellevue, also known as the "Longfellow House", is a historic home in Pascagoula, Mississippi facing the Gulf of Mexico and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1850 as a home for slave trader Daniel Smith Graham. Since then, the building has served a number of functions including a girls&#39; school, a private residence, as well as, a private resort and club owned by Ingalls Shipbuilding. Legend has it that Henry Wadsworth Longfellow once stayed here when he wrote his work The Building of the Ship but little evidence has emerged to support this.</p><br>
<p>Later, the property was purchased by Richard Scruggs and his wife, Dianne, who restored the structure and donated it to the University of Mississippi Foundation. After being damaged by Hurricane Katrina, it was sold in 2006 to Drs. Randy and Tracy Roth for use as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>Smithson–McCall Farm is a 256.3 acre historic district in Bethesda, Tennessee. The farm was listed under the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. The listing claims that the property "documents the impact of the progressive agricultural movement of the early twentieth century on the operations and landscape of a middle-class family farm," and includes an "architecturally significant group of buildings and structures, placed within an agricultural landscape of high integrity...that represents a good example of farmstead architecture in Middle Tennessee and that reflects the impact of the Progressive Farm movement of the early twentieth century".</p><br>
<p>The property has also been known as Smithson-Fisher Farm, Happy Hills Farm, WM. 1043, Fisher Farm, and Bag End Farm throughout its history.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse was constructed c. 1830 and changed significantly c. 1860 and c. 1920. Additional farm structures were added during c.1920-c.1940, including a dairy barn, a dairy silo, a well house, a burley tobacco barn, a water trough, a garage, a smokehouse and a chicken coop. The property includes four ponds. It includes Colonial Revival and "Hall and parlor" architecture and other styles. When listed, the district included seven contributing buildings, six contributing structures, and one contributing site.</p><br>
<p>The listing is described in its NRHP nomination document.</p><br>
<p>The property was covered in a study of Historic Family Farms in Middle Tennessee MPS.</p><br>
<p>As "Fisher Farm", it is listed as a Tennessee Century Farm. It continues as a working farm, raising sheep.</p><br>
<p>Dunn Peak  is a group of peaks in the central Interior of British Columbia, Canada. Its most prominent summit, Matterhorn Peak, rises to 2,636 m, making it the highest point in the Shuswap Highland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Though technically part of the Columbia Mountains to the north and east, the Dunn massif is isolated from other ranges by the Interior Plateau and the Shuswap Highland. The group is bounded by the North Thompson River to the west and north, Harper Creek to the east, and the Barrière River to the south. The nearest towns and cities are Barriere, Clearwater, and Kamloops. As there are no roads in the protected area, access to the alpine area is by trail via the Harper Creek Forest Service road.</p><br>
<p>Matterhorn Peak is the 92nd most prominent peak in British Columbia.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The protected area surrounding the peaks contains old-growth forest, including stands of Engelmann spruce and interior Douglas fir. The park also contains significant wildlife populations, including wolf, cougar, marten, river otter, black bear, mule deer and mountain goat. Several protected avian species are present, such as the great blue heron and bald eagle.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Dunn was a gold prospector in the region who left for California in 1888 after falling sick. He had mined gold with a "rocker" near ChuChua, on the western slopes of Dunn Peak. Nearby Baldy Mountain was the site of the Windpass gold mine from 1916 until 1939. On April 30, 1996, the massif became the central point of the new 19,353 hectare Dunn Peak Protected Area.</p><br>
<p>The Old Enon Road Stone Arch Culvert is a historic limestone bridge in southern Clark County, Ohio, United States. It carries Rocky Point Road over Mud Run, a tributary of the Mad River, just west of its intersection with Old Mill Road. Located approximately 3.5 mi east of Enon in eastern Mad River Township, it was constructed under the leadership of stonemason Samuel Taylor in 1871. In the past, the region was dotten with stone culverts, which were built in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to carry roads over small watercourses. Today, few stone culverts survive in Ohio; the Old Enon Road culvert is both Clark County&#39;s only such bridge in daily use and the oldest bridge of any type still open to daily traffic throughout the county.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the culvert was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It qualified because of its distinctive engineering, which was seen as representing a significant and well-preserved aspect of local historic architecture.</p><br>
<p>Beinn Mhanach  is a mountain situated on the northern side of Loch Lyon and eight kilometres east of Bridge of Orchy, in the west highlands of Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>From both the West Highland Line and the A82 road between Tyndrum and Bridge of Orchy the two rounded summits of Beinn Mhanach can be seen clearly 8km away due north-east up the Auch Gleann.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Beinn Mhanach has two summits, the higher of which is 953 metres (3,127 ft). On the southern side the slopes are grassy but the more remote northern side is craggier.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beinn Mhanach derived its name from a monastery that once lay at its foot, and which was used by clan MacGregor when travelling between Glen Lyon and their burial ground in Glen Orchy. No trace of the monastery remains today. The poet Duncan Ban MacIntyre, whose most well-known poem "Moladh Beinn Dòbhrain" celebrated nearby Beinn Dorain, lived for a number of years in a cottage, now a ruin and used as a sheep fank, at Ais-an-t-Sidhean at the head of Auch Gleann.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>There are two popular routes for Beinn Mhanach. One is from near Auch, with parking on the A82 near the private road, up Auch Gleann and past Ais-an-t-Sidhean. To reach the summit dome of the mountain the slopes to the north-east of Beinn aChuirn are traversed. The other route starts from Achallader farm at grid reference. This route is often taken when the nearby Beinn Achaladair and Beinn a Chreachain are climbed.</p><br>
<p>The Lay-Pritchett House is a historic house in Westbrook, Connecticut. It is located on a 3 acre parcel on the west side of Stevenstown Road , north of its junction with Cross Road. It is a two story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with two chimneys, and a leanto section giving it a typical New England saltbox appearance. A modern ell extends further to the rear. Traditionally described as the oldest house in the Patchogue area of Westbrook, the present main block was probably built in stages at several points in the 18th century. It was originally attached to an even older structure, traditionally dated to 1648 and demolished c. 1891, whose large chimney now forms one of those in the main block.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The David Lyman II House, also known as the Lyman Homestead, is a historic house at 5 Lyman Road in Middlefield, Connecticut. It is a -story wood-frame structure, designed by New Haven architect Rufus G. Russell and built in 1863. It is among the best Gothic Revival structures in or around Middletown. The house is built in part on the foundation of a 1785 house that originally stood on the site. The property includes a number of outbuildings, including a period carriage house, and a gas house used to provide carbide lighting to the main house.</p><br>
<p>The Lyman family owned land in this area for more than 200 years. David Lyman II operated a 500 acre farm, and was a local industrialist, founding (among other businesses) the Airline Railroad. The 2 acre property containing the house and its outbuildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Strathcona Fiord is a fiord on the west central coast of Ellesmere Island, the most northern island within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Nunavut, Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Strathcona Fiord is a southern tributary of Bay Fiord. The landscape in the region is fragile and spectacular. The steep hills forming the sides of the valley rise about 400 m above sea level. The striking arc of a terminal moraine marks the limit of the last ice advance in the area. Taggart Lake running eastward of the moraine drains Upper and Lower Taggart lakes into the head of the fiord. The Prince of Wales Icefield lies on the eastern flank of this valley.</p><br>
<h2>Human activity</h2><br>
<p>Although currently there is no permanent settlement in the Strathcona Fiord area, stone tent rings and other archaeological features indicate past human habitation. Eureka, about 170 km to the northwest, is a weather station and staging point for scientific expeditions and for other visitors to Ellesmere Island and the Qikiqtaaluk Region. Grise Fiord is an Inuit community, located about 250 km to the south, also on Ellesmere Island.</p><br>
<p>A parcel of land located south of the head of Strathcona Fiord is designated Inuit Owned Land. The area is sometimes visited by hunters from the nearest Inuit community, Grise Fiord.</p><br>
<h2>Coal</h2><br>
<p>A large portion of the Strathcona Fiord area lies within a coal license area, owned by Canadian Sovereign Coal Corporation, a subsidiary of Weststar Resources Corporation. The coal property is governed by three coal exploration licenses covering an area of 37,628 hectare. Coal deposits in the Strathcona Fiord area are ranked from lignite to sub-bituminous and have been estimated to comprise roughly 1 billion tonnes.</p><br>
<p>In January 2010, when the paleontological scientific community learned of Weststar&#39;s interest in exploring this area the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology issued a press release outlining the need to preserve the fossils in the area, Within four days the Nunavut Impact Review Board received over 70 letters of concern from paleontologists and the public alike.</p><br>
<h2>Paleontology</h2><br>
<p>The vicinity of Strathcona Fiord has yielded a fossil record of tremendous international scientific significance. These fossils, including plant and animal remains, have provided a unique opportunity for understanding the effect of climatic change through the past 4 or 5 million years on the Arctic environment, and on its flora and fauna.</p><br>
<h3>Pliocene fossils (3-5 million years old)</h3><br>
<p>The only Pliocene High Arctic vertebrate fossil locality known is the Beaver Pond site at Strathcona Fiord. The Beaver Pond site was first noted by John Fyles of the Geological Survey of Canada in 1961. In 1988 he found the first vertebrate remains there. In 1992 vertebrate paleontologist, Richard Harington of the Canadian Museum of Nature, began 10 summers of excavations at the site.</p><br>
<p>This fossil site includes the mummified remains of fossil plants, including trees such as an extinct larch (Larix groenlandii) and other trees indicative of a boreal forest. Much of the wood preserved at the site has been gnawed by beavers and some of it is fire-blackened. This exceptional site also has yielded remains of pollen, insects, mollusks, fish (a percid), frogs and mammals such as an unusual rodent, a deerlet (Boreameryx), 3-toed horse, an extinct beaver (Dipoides), a rabbit (Hypolagus), an unusual shrew (Arctisorex polaris), a primitive black bear (Ursus abstrusus), a badger (Arctomeles), and several other carnivores.</p><br>
<p>Paleoclimatic reconstruction suggests a mean annual temperature that was 14 - warmer than present day Ellesmere Island. The assemblage of Pliocene plant macrofossils (wood, leaves, cones and seeds) is typical of present-day boreal forest, as it includes alder (Alnus), birch (Betula), bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), larch (Larix), sweet gale (Myrica gale), spruce (Picea), pine (Pinus), and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), as well as the southern boreal tree, the white cedar (Thuja occidentalis).</p><br>
<h3>Eocene fossils (about 50 million years old)</h3><br>
<p>The first High Arctic terrestrial fossil vertebrates were discovered in 1975, in the Strathcona Fiord by a team led by Mary Dawson from the Carnegie Museum. These earliest finds include the fossil remains of an alligator, considered to be Allognathosuchus, and also small arboreal mammals called plagiomenids. Since then, field expeditions in Strathcona Fiord have yielded a much more complete picture of the biodiversity of the Eocene Arctic. Although, Eocene fossil vertebrates are known from other areas on Ellesmere Island (e.g., Stenkul Fiord), and Axel Heiberg Island, Strathcona Fiord has yielded the richest vertebrate fossil record.</p><br>
<p>The fossil vertebrate record of the Eocene Arctic includes giant tortoises, varanid lizards, and boid snakes. Mammal fossils are extremely diverse, including the rhino-like brontotheres, the hippo-like Coryphodon, a tapir like relative (Thuliadanta), an early horse (Hyracotherium?), carnivores (e.g., Viverravus, Miacis), meat-eating creodonts (e.g. Paaeonictis), a mesonychid (Pachyaena), a small swimming carnivore (Pantolestid), a leptictid and at least five rodents (including Paramys and Microparamys). There are over 40 fossil vertebrate sites in the Strathcona Fiord region.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous Eocene plant fossil sites, including shale units that are rich with leaves as compression fossils. Very notable are the petrified tree stumps, some of which are preserved in their original growth position. The trees show wide growth rings indicating favorable growth conditions. The fossil flora indicates the presence of rich floodplain forests dominated by dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), together with ginkgo (Ginkgo adiantoides), walnut family (Juglans and other Juglandaceae), elms (Ulmus spp.), birch and alder (Betulaceae), and katsura (Cercidiphyllum). Analysis of nearby fossil leaf sites from central Ellesmere Island of the same age indicate that these forests grew under very high rainfall, and can be considered to have represented a polar rainforest.</p><br>
<p>This lush Eocene ecosystem thrived under a polar light regime. Like today, the region would have seen 24-hour sun in the summer and 24-hour darkness in the winter as it was positioned at almost the same latitude in the Eocene as it is today. Despite an early Eocene climate with generally mild frost-free temperatures, the polar light regime likely forced these plants to be deciduous.</p><br>
